Attic Lamp, Howland Type 21 – Certificate of Authenticity

This oil lamp, identifiable as the Howland Type 21, is an eminent specimen of Classical Greek ceramics. It embodies the technical transition toward a closed, more fuel-efficient form. The object presents with a functional robustness: a closed globular body, an elongated nozzle, and a strap handle for easy handling. Expert analysis reveals a fascinating dialogue between use and burial: the nozzle preserves subtle traces of blackening (soot) testifying to its effective use in Antiquity, while the beige-orange terracotta is punctuated by light calcareous concretions, guaranteeing its millennial telluric sojourn. The piece's state of integrity is a direct validation of its authentic history.

Characteristics

• Object: Oil lamp, closed model (Howland Type 21).

• Culture: Greek (Attic or Attic influence).

• Period: 5th – 4th century B.C. (Classical Period).

• Material: Ceramic, fine terracotta, no black slip preserved.

• Dimensions: Length 129 mm × Width 67 mm × Height 38 mm.

• Condition: Good state of conservation; presence of traces of use (combustion residue) and sedimentation.

• Provenance: Former French private collection, acquired before the 1990s.

• Authenticity: Certificate provided.

Historical Context Appearing in Athens and widely disseminated in the Mediterranean basin, the Howland Type 21 lamp (often likened to the "padlock lamp" due to its closed shape) represents a major technical improvement over earlier open lamps. Its design aimed to optimize the combustion of oil (generally olive oil) and secure the transport of the flame. These lamps were essential for domestic lighting but also fulfilled a fundamental ritual role, serving as votive offerings in sanctuaries and as symbolic light, placed in tombs to guide the deceased.

Formal and Material Analysis of the Specimen

• Volumetry and Functionality: The lamp is characterized by a voluminous reservoir ensuring a long combustion duration, a large central orifice for filling, and an oversized strap handle. This latter architectural detail ensures excellent grip, emphasizing the functional and portable aspect of the object.

• Nozzle and Usage: The nozzle is protruding and well-defined. The traces of blackening and residual vitrification near the wick opening (visible in the photograph) constitute archaeological proof of the lamp's effective use over time.

• Material and Patina: The clay, of a light hue (beige/ochre), is fine-grained, typical of careful production. The epidermis presents a network of light mineral concretions, denser on the lower part. These deposits, consolidated over centuries, constitute the telluric patina and guarantee the integrity of the ceramic.

• Manufacturing: Although this type inspired the first molded lamps, this specimen is visibly wheel-made, as indicated by the slight irregularities of the reservoir surface and the controlled symmetry of the whole, testifying to the skill of the Classical artisan.

Cultural Value This specimen is a reliable chronological marker of the Greek Classical period. Its established typology (Howland 21) and its traces of actual use lend it historical depth. It is the material reflection of Greek daily practices and eschatological beliefs. The robustness of its form and the richness of its patina, which combines combustion residues with sedimentary erosion, make it a precious object of study and a direct point of access to the intimacy of Antiquity.

Traceability & Guarantees

• History: The French provenance is attested by its collection antiquity, acquired before 1990, conferring a clear documentary history on the piece.

• Expertise: The object is delivered with a certificate of authenticity, confirming its dating and cultural attribution.

Ref: S6IPD0G9M5